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authorSilvio Rhatto <rhatto@riseup.net>2017-09-20 06:31:04 -0300
committerSilvio Rhatto <rhatto@riseup.net>2017-09-20 06:31:04 -0300
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Updates Psychology of Intelligence
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* Author: Jean Piaget
+## Main topics
+
+* Intelligence is reversible.
+
## Logic and psychology
An axiomatics is an exclusively hypothetico-deductive sci-
@@ -70,3 +74,73 @@
but do not ensure their future conquests. 1
-- page 34
+
+## Habit and sensori-motor intelligence
+
+Circular reaction:
+
+ Let us imagine an infant in a cradle with a raised cover from which
+ hang a whole series of rattles and a loose string. The child grasps
+ this and so shakes the whole arrangement without expecting to do
+ so or understanding any of the detailed spatial or causal rela-
+ tions. Surprised by the result, he reaches for the string and
+ carries out the whole sequence several times over. J. M. Baldwin
+ called this active reproduction of a result at first obtained by
+ chance a “circular reaction”. The circular reaction is thus a typ-
+ ical example of reproductive assimilation. The first movement
+ executed and followed by its result constitutes a complete action,
+ which creates a new need once the objects to which it relates
+ have returned to their initial stage; these are then assimilated to
+ the previous action (thereby promoted to the status of a schema)
+ which stimulates its reproduction, and so on. Now this mechan-
+ ism is identical with that which is already present at the source
+ of elementary habits except that, in their case, the circular reac-
+ tion affects the body itself (so we will give the name “primary
+ circular reaction” to that of the early level, such as the schema of
+ thumb-sucking), whereas thenceforward, thanks to prehension,
+ it is applied to external objects (we will call this behaviour affect-
+ ing objects the “secondary circular reaction,” although we must
+ remember that these are not yet by any means conceived as
+ substances by the child).
+
+ -- 110-112
+
+Early intelligence:
+
+ The routes between the subject and the object fol-
+ lowed by action, and also by sensori-motor reconstitutions and
+ anticipations, are no longer direct and simple pathways as at the
+ previous stages: rectilinear as in perception, or stereotyped and
+ uni-directional as in circular reactions. The routes begin to vary
+ and the utilisation of earlier schemata begins to extend further in
+ time. This is characteristic of the connection between means and
+ ends, which henceforth are differentiated, and this is why we
+ may begin to speak of true intelligence. But, apart from the
+ continuity that links it with earlier behaviour, we should note the
+ limitations of this early intelligence: there are no inventions or
+ discoveries of new means, but simply application of known
+ means to unforeseen circumstances.
+
+ -- 114
+
+Innovation:
+
+ Two acquisitions characterise the next stage, both relating to
+ the utilisation of past experience. The assimilatory schemata so
+ far described are of course continually accommodated to
+ external data. But this accommodation is, so to speak, suffered
+ rather than sought; the subject acts according to his needs and
+ this action either harmonizes with reality or encounters resist-
+ ances which it tries to overcome. Innovations which arise for-
+ tuitously are either neglected or else assimilated to previous
+ schemata and reproduced by circular reaction. However, a time
+ comes when the innovation has an interest of its own, and this
+ certainly implies a sufficient stock of schemata for comparisons
+ to be possible and for the new fact to be sufficiently like the
+ known one to be interesting and sufficiently different to avoid
+ satiation. Circular reaction, then, will consist of a reproduction
+ of the new phenomenon, but with variations and active
+ experimentation that are intended precisely to extract from it its
+ new possibilities.
+
+ -- 114